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1. |
We define it as any major gift, made in lifetime or at death as part of a donor's overall financial and/or estate planning. By contrast, gifts to the annual fund or for membership dues are made from a donor's discretionary income, and while they may be budgeted for, they are not planned.
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2. |
- First, outright gifts that use appreciated assets as a substitute for cash;
- Second, gifts that return income or other financial benefits to the donor in return for the contribution;
- Third, gifts payable upon the donor's death.
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3. |
They can use cash, securities (stock, bonds, mutual fund shares) or real estate. They can give tangible personal property (artwork, books, artifacts, equipment, etc.) They can fund a gift plan with a business or partnership interest (closely held stock, a share in a professional corporation, an investment in a limited partnership). They can give you a paid-up life insurance policy. Donors can also direct a charitable distribution from the balance remaining in their retirement plan (IRA, 401(k), Keough, etc.) at death. They can also make your organization the owner and beneficiary of a new life insurance policy. Note: Some gift assets can prove challenging for a non-profit to administer and/or liquidate, and your organization should review offers of non-traditional assets carefully before accepting them.
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Donors make an irrevocable gift, but with your agreement retain the right to receive income payments in return, usually for lifetime. Depending on the gift plan chosen, income can be paid to the donor and/or to family members or other individuals. Donors receive an income tax charitable deduction for the fair market value of their gift, minus the present value of the income interest they have retained (calculated as a function of the gift's payment rate and how long payments are expected to be made to the beneficiaries).
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5. |
It depends on the asset used to fund the gift, whether the gift was made during the donor's lifetime or at death, and whether the donor retained an income interest from the gift. Here are the guidelines: - Outright, lifetime gifts of cash, or of assets like securities held by donors for more than 1 year ("long-term capital gain property"), are deductible at fair market value.
- The charitable deduction for a gift that returns income to donors and/or other beneficiaries, such as a charitable gift annuity or a charitable remainder trust, is the fair market value of the gift asset minus the present value of the income interest retained.
- Revocable gifts that will be paid to your organization upon the death of the donor do not generate an income tax deduction. Therefore, donors do not receive a deduction for including a charitable bequest when they write their will, for naming you the beneficiary of a life insurance policy, or for designating your organization to receive the remaining balance of their retirement plan.
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| Type of Property | Valuation Method* | | Publicly traded securities | Mean of high and low selling prices on date of gift | | Mutual fund shares | Closing redemption price on date of gift | | Closely held stock | Independent appraisal if worth $10,000 or more | | Real estate | Independent appraisal if worth $5,000 or more | | Artwork, collectibles, etc. | Independent appraisal if worth $5,000 or more |
*Property of any kind that the donor has held for less than 1 year is considered short-term capital gain (or "ordinary income") property by the IRS, and its value for deduction purposes is limited to the donor's cost basis.
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If your organization can use the property to further your tax-exempt functions (also known as putting it to a "related use"), the deduction is the fair market value of the asset. However, if you cannot use the property, or if the donor instructs you to liquidate it and use the cash proceeds, the deduction will be limited to the donor's cost basis in the asset. Note: The broader your organization's charitable functions, the more "related uses" can be found for gifts of personal property. A college, a library, a museum and a hospital, for instance, could all put a painting to good use, even if it wasn't the same use. Non-profits with more narrowly focused missions, on the other hand, may be hard-pressed to find a use for a proposed gift of personal property.]
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8. |
No, the IRS says that establishing the FMV (fair market value) of any gift asset except cash, publicly traded securities or mutual fund shares is the responsibility of the donor, through the services of an independent appraiser.
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9. |
Except for publicly traded securities, gifts of property worth $5,000 or more ($10,000 for shares of closely held stock) held by donors longer than 1 year must be appraised in order to establish their fair market value (and thus the charitable deduction donors may claim for the donation). Appraisals must be obtained by the donors and not the recipient charity, and must also be obtained for the purpose of valuing the gift (in other words, insurance appraisals are not acceptable). Donors are required to get their appraisal not earlier than 60 days before they make their gift, and not later than the due date for the tax return on which they are claiming their deduction.
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10. |
Closely! Donors must file IRS Form 8283 ("Noncash Charitable Contributions") if the amount of the total charitable deduction they are claiming for all noncash gifts is more than $500 for the year. If one item of donated property, or a group of similar items, exceeds $5,000 in claimed value (unless the property is publicly traded securities), donors must also summarize on Form 8283 the appraisal they obtained on that property. The appraiser and a representative of your organization must also sign that appraisal summary. If, within 3 years of the date of the gift, your organization sells or disposes of donated property for which the donor claimed a deduction of $5,000 or more (except for publicly traded securities), you must file a separate report to the IRS, Form 8282 ("Donee Information Return"). You state the donor's name, identify the property, and tell when you received the property, when you disposed of it, and what proceeds, if any, you received on the disposition. You can download Form 8283, its Instructions, and Form 8282 plus Instructions here. Caution: The requirements that the IRS places on donors to substantiate charitable deductions for property gifts are complicated - we've just given you a summary here - and there are penalties for non-compliance. As your non-profit's representative, be careful about providing any advice to donors about compliance, and urge them to consult with their own advisors before making a property gift.
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Donors include a provision in their will directing that a gift be paid to your organization after their death or the death of one of their survivors. Donors face two sets of choices when they write a charitable bequest: - First, they can give your organization either a specific amount of money or item of property (a "specific" bequest), or they can give a percentage of the balance remaining in their estate after taxes, expenses, and specific bequests have been paid (a "residual" bequest).
- Second, they can direct you to use their bequest for a particular program or activity at your organization (a "restricted" bequest), or allow you to use it at your discretion (an "unrestricted" bequest).
Donors can also direct that a bequest be paid to you if one of their heirs does not survive (a "contingent" bequest).
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Generally, individuals are cautious when they specify an amount of money that is to be paid in the future by their will. In many cases, however, their estates are larger than they anticipated, making a percentage of the residue a better gift for your organization than a specific, dollar-amount bequest.
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Suggest a codicil, a document that adds a bequest to your organization, then confirms all other provisions of the existing will. It's simple and inexpensive to prepare.
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14. |
Nothing, in terms of a charitable gift to your organization. Individuals with a will own their property during lifetime; their will directs how that property is to be administered and distributed after death. A revocable trust takes title to property during lifetime, but distributes it similarly to a will after death.
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Charitable gift annuities make fixed payments, starting either when the gift is made (an immediate-payment gift annuity) or at a later date (a deferred or flexible gift annuity). Some organizations maintain pooled income funds, which commingle donations, pay beneficiaries varying income depending on the earnings of the fund, and generally operate like a charitable mutual fund. Charitable remainder unitrusts and annuity trusts are individually managed trusts that pay the beneficiaries either a fixed percentage of trust income or a fixed dollar amount.
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First, the donor receives a charitable income tax deduction for the full, fair market value of the assets contributed, minus the present value of the income interest retained. Second, if the donor uses appreciated property to fund the gift, no upfront capital gains tax is applied to the transfer, meaning that the entire amount donated can be put to work earning income for the donor.
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Donors make a gift to your organization and in return, you agree to make fixed payments to them for life. Payments may be made to a maximum of two beneficiaries. At the death of the last beneficiary, the remaining balance of the annuity is used by your organization for the purpose that the donor specified when the gift was made. Gift annuities operate under a simple contract between you and the donor. They are not trusts, but rather income obligations backed by your organization's assets.
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18. |
Donors make a gift to your organization and in return, you agree to make fixed lifetime payments to them, commencing at a future date. Deferring the start of payments usually gives donors a higher income rate and a larger charitable deduction than they could secure from annuities whose income starts immediately. This combination of features makes deferred gift annuities an attractive gift option for younger donors who are still in high-earnings years and are looking for both current tax deductions and additional sources of retirement income. (Many donors set the start of payments from their deferred gift annuity to coincide with their anticipated retirement.)
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19. |
Yes, if they use the version called a flexible gift annuity. The annuity contract will set out a range of possible starting dates for payments. Each date will offer progressively higher income rates. The donor's charitable deduction will be that corresponding to the earliest possible starting date. As retirement, health and family needs become more clear over time, the donor picks the appropriate starting date in the annuity contract, and requests that you start payments then.
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20. |
- One portion of the payment will be considered return of principal by the annuity, and thus tax-free to the beneficiary. If the donor funded the annuity with appreciated property, a second portion of the payment will be taxed at low capital gains rates. The balance of the payment will be taxed as ordinary income. This favorable tax treatment, not available on other types of life-income gifts, increases the effective yield of a gift annuity.
- If the beneficiaries live beyond what their life expectancies were at the time the gift annuity was created, subsequent payments to them will be taxed entirely as ordinary income.
- If the gift annuity is funded with appreciated assets, the donor does not have to pay capital gains tax at the time of the transfer. Only a portion of the capital gain in the donated assets is recognized, and the tax will be spread over the annuity payments, as described above.
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A commercial annuity, typically sold by banks and life insurance companies, provides the owner fixed or variable income based on commercial rates of return. These plans establish their annuity rates on the assumption that all of the assets in the plan will be used up by the end of the income beneficiaries' lives. A charitable gift annuity is part standard annuity and part charitable contribution. The donor receives a charitable deduction based on the remaining value of the annuity that the charity is expected to ultimately receive. A gift annuity establishes its payments on the assumption that there will be something left for the charity at the end of the contract. Because of the charitable component, rates for gift annuities are usually lower than rates for commercial annuities. However, gift annuities offer more tax benefits than commercial annuities.
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A pooled income fund operates like a charitable mutual fund. Gifts from multiple donors are combined, invested and managed together in one trust. Each quarter the fund pays the participants their proportional share of net income. When the last beneficiary of a unit in the fund dies, the remaining balance in that unit is withdrawn from the fund and paid to your organization, to be used for the purpose the donor specified when the gift was made. Where a gift annuity offers stable fixed payments, distributions from a pooled income fund fluctuate quarterly, depending on the fund's performance. Pooled income funds offer donors who do not wish, or cannot afford, to set up an individually managed charitable trust the benefits of professional investment management and diversification of their portfolio. Because of additional administrative costs, pooled income funds are generally more expensive to manage than a set of gift annuities. In addition, the current market trend of low interest rates means low yields for many pooled income funds: donors can often secure a higher payment rate from a charitable gift annuity than a pooled income fund.
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A unitrust is an individually managed charitable trust paying its beneficiaries income as a fixed percentage of the trust's value - which is revalued annually. Income and appreciation in excess of the required payments to the beneficiaries is held in the trust to allow growth. A unitrust pays income to its beneficiaries for their lifetimes, for a term of up to 20 years, or for a combination of both. A unitrust can have multiple beneficiaries. The donor can make additional contributions to a unitrust. When the unitrust terminates - at the death of the last beneficiary or at the end of the trust term - the remaining balance is available to your organization to be used for the purpose that the donor specified when the gift was made.
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It's a creative variant of a standard unitrust that allows donors to make a gift and receive a charitable deduction using low-yielding and/or temporarily illiquid assets, such as investment real estate or closely held stock. The flip unitrust holds the asset for a period of time, paying actual earnings, if any, to the beneficiaries, and then "flips" to a standard-payment unitrust when an anticipated event, such as the sale of the property held by the trust, occurs. After the flip, the unitrust reinvests in income-producing assets and can pay the beneficiaries at its stated income rate for the balance of the trust term.
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An annuity trust is an individually managed charitable trust that pays its beneficiaries a fixed dollar amount or a fixed percentage of the initial value of the assets that funded the trust. Unlike income from a unitrust, payments from an annuity trust do not fluctuate during the term of the trust. Income from an annuity trust can be paid to beneficiaries for their lifetimes, for a term of up to 20 years, or for a combination of both. An annuity trust can have multiple beneficiaries. The donor cannot make additional contributions to an annuity trust. When the annuity trust terminates - at the death of the last beneficiary or at the end of the trust term - the remaining balance is available to your organization to be used for the purpose that the donor specified when the gift was made. Unlike a flip unitrust, an annuity trust cannot defer making its stated income payments. Accordingly, it should not be funded with assets like real estate, closely held stock or artwork unless that asset is very likely to sell in the near term.
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The trustee is typically a financial institution or one or more individuals with investment and financial management expertise. Donors themselves may serve as trustee, so long as they keep the transactions of their charitable trust separate from their other investments. The charity that will benefit from the unitrust or annuity trust can serve its trustee. However, because of the relative complexity of managing investments to meet the beneficiaries' income objectives, plus complying with record-keeping and tax filing requirements, few non-profit organizations do serve as trustee, and data suggests that that number is declining.
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A charitable lead trust is an individually managed trust that holds gift assets, pays income to your organization for a period, and then returns its remaining balance to the donor or to the donor's heirs. A lead trust delivers a steady stream of income to your organization. For donors, a lead trust offers the choice of two different benefits: - If the lead trust is structured to return its remaining balance to the donor after it has paid income to your organization, it is called a grantor lead trust. The donor receives an upfront deduction based on the present value of your total income payments. The trust's annual earnings (minus the distributions to you) will be taxable to the donor, but by adjusting the amount and duration of the charitable payments, the upfront deduction can offset this subsequent tax. A grantor lead trust can be an attractive strategy for donors who maximize their current tax deduction but don't want to part permanently with a valuable asset.
- If the lead trust pays its remainder to the donor's children or other heirs, it is called a non-grantor lead trust, and it can be a very effective way to reduce the tax cost of passing assets within a family. First, the estate- and gift-tax value of assets placed in the non-grantor lead trust will be reduced by the present value of your total income payments. Second, the taxable value of the assets in the lead trust is fixed as of the time the trust was established - any subsequent appreciation will pass to your heirs free of estate and gift tax. A non-grantor lead trust is particularly effective in sheltering the cost of passing ownership of a growing family business on to the next generation.
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28. |
Your organization purchases real estate or other property from a donor for less than fair market value. The difference between market value and the purchase price is the gift element of the transaction, for which the donor receives a charitable deduction. You and the donor reach agreement over whether you will pay the discounted purchase price in a lump-sum, or in installments over a term or years. The donor pays no capital gains tax on the donated portion of the property. The donor will need to secure an independent appraisal to establish the fair market value of the property. If the asset being transferred through the bargain sale is real estate, your organization will review the property's value, marketability, and liabilities before accepting it. In addition, if the property has a mortgage or other lien on it, the donor should satisfy it before the gift is complete. If your organization takes the property subject to the mortgage, the IRS considers that a taxable benefit to the donor.
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Donors can irrevocably transfer title to real estate (a primary home, a vacation condo, etc.) to your organization while keeping the right to live in and/or use the property for the balance of their lives, or for a term of years. Even though they haven't moved out, they receive an upfront charitable deduction based on the fair market value of the property, minus the present value of their future tenancy there. A retained life estate allows donors to make a significant gift to you using what may be the most valuable asset they own, yet not disturb their living arrangements or cash flow. The donors in a retained life estate transaction pay no rent for their use of the property. However, they are responsible for the property's ongoing taxes, structural maintenance and upkeep. You and the donors reach agreement about what you will both do if the donors no longer wish to keep using the property after it has been donated, or if they become unable to continue using it. The terms of this agreement should be very clearly stated in writing before the transfer of the property takes place. Your organization will perform standard due diligence before agreeing to accept the property. Be especially vigilant if the property is located such a distance away that your personnel cannot easily keep it under routine observation; if the property is already in poor condition; or if the donors appear unlikely to be able to keep maintaining the property.
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30. |
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